It gives me immense pleasure to present this issue of the North Bengal International University Journal. As an institution committed to academic excellence, innovation, research, and the advancement of knowledge, North Bengal International University considers scholarly publication an essential part of its academic mission.
A university journal provides a meaningful platform for faculty members, researchers, scholars, and students to share original ideas, research findings, critical analyses, and innovative perspectives. This journal therefore seeks to encourage rigorous research and contribute to the development of knowledge at both national and international levels.
In the contemporary world, higher education is undergoing rapid transformation. Universities are increasingly expected not only to impart knowledge but also to generate new knowledge, address emerging challenges, and contribute to society. In this context, NBIU is committed to promoting a culture of research, critical thinking, academic integrity, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
I am confident that the articles published in this issue will stimulate intellectual discussion, encourage further research, and contribute meaningfully to academic and professional development. I also hope that the journal will gradually establish itself as a respected platform for high-quality scholarly work from Bangladesh and beyond.
I sincerely appreciate the contributions of the authors, reviewers, members of the editorial board, and everyone involved in bringing this issue to publication. Their dedication and commitment to academic quality have made this publication possible.
I wish the North Bengal International University Journal continued success and hope that it will become a valuable source of knowledge, research, and intellectual exchange for the academic community.
Professor Dr. M Sayedur Rahman
Editor-in-Chief
North Bengal International University Journal
&
Vice-Chancellor
North Bengal International University
Rajshahi, Bangladesh.